Email this article Investigating Iosipescu shear properties of laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel via digital image correlation technique
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2026.01.004
View Counter: Abstract | 177 times | ‒ Full Article | 181 times |
Full Text:
PDFAbstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) has been widely adopted for producing stainless steel 316L components with complex geometries; however, despite extensive research on its tensile performance, the shear behavior of LPBF 316L remains insufficiently characterized. Reliable shear properties are crucial for structural components operating under multiaxial loading, yet experimental data enabling accurate calibration of multiaxial yield and failure models are still scarce. In this study, the tensile and shear responses of LPBF 316L were systematically investigated through standard uniaxial tensile testing and Iosipescu shear testing, supported by full-field Digital Image Correlation (DIC). All specimens were fabricated using LPBF system, and their build orientations were precisely documented to account for anisotropy effects. Tensile tests yielded an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 650 MPa and an average elastic modulus of 197 ± 32 GPa. Iosipescu shear tests demonstrated a maximum shear stress of 621 MPa, revealing a notably close relationship between shear strength and tensile strength. The experimentally measured shear modulus was also consistent with the tensile-derived value through classical elastic relations. The combined results deepen our understanding of LPBF 316L mechanical behavior, especially the coupling between tensile and shear responses. The findings further highlight the importance of integrating shear data into design procedures, multiaxial stress assessments, and material databases for additively manufactured stainless steels. Overall, this study provides a robust experimental foundation for improving structural integrity assessments and advancing the design of LPBF 316L components subjected to complex loading.
Keywords
References
Adams DF (1990). The Iosipescu shear test method as used for testing polymers and composite materials. Polymer Composites, 11(5), 286–290.
Allott NR, Czabaj MW (2021). Characterization of the interlaminar shear strength of IM7/8552 using small-scale short beam shear tests. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 142, 106200.
Arzomand K, Rustell M, Kalganova T (2024). From ruins to reconstruction: Harnessing text-to-image AI for restoring historical architectures. Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics, 10(2), 69-85.
Bănică CF, Sover A, Anghel DC (2024). Printing the future layer by layer: A comprehensive exploration of additive manufacturing in the era of Industry 4.0. Applied Sciences, 14(21), 9919.
Drissi-Daoudi R, Masinelli G, de Formanoir C, Wasmer K, Jhabvala J, Logé RE (2023). Acoustic emission for the prediction of processing regimes in laser powder bed fusion, and the generation of processing maps. Additive Manufacturing, 67, 103484.
Fidan I, Huseynov O, Ali MA, Alkunte S, Rajeshirke M, Gupta A, Hasanov S, Tantawi K, Yasa E, Yilmaz O, Loy J, Popov V, Sharma A (2023). Recent inventions in additive manufacturing: Holistic review. Inventions, 8(4), 103.
Gao Q, Zhao X, Sun Q (2025). Evaluation of the off-axis and on-axis tensile creep behavior of glass-fiber reinforced polymer unidirectional lamina. Polymer Composites, 46(4), 3054–3069.
Gençoğlu U, Kaya G, Ergüder TO, Hacısalihoğlu İ, Yıldız F (2022). Investigation of the structural and tribological properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured using variable production parameters by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31(5), 3688–3703.
Ismail L, Mohamed OF, Farrah T, George P, Schiffer A (2025). Influence of process parameters on microstructure and interfacial mechanical properties of Al6061/AlSi10Mg multi-material components fabricated via laser powder bed fusion. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 928, 148061.
Jerabek M, Major Z, Lang RW (2010). Strain determination of polymeric materials using digital image correlation. Polymer Testing, 29(3), 407–416.
Karthik GM, Kim ES, Sathiyamoorthi P, Zargaran A, Jeong SG, Xiong R, Kang SH, Cho JW, Kim HS (2021). Delayed deformation-induced martensite transformation and enhanced cryogenic tensile properties in laser additive manufactured 316L austenitic stainless steel. Additive Manufacturing, 47, 102314.
Kavdir EÇ, Aydin MD (2019). The investigation of mechanical properties of a structural adhesive via digital image correlation (DIC) technic. Composites Part B: Engineering, 173, 106995.
Liu Z, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X, Gao Z, Li J, Zhan X (2025). Unveiling the dependence of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance on microstructural heterogeneity in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 37, 4688–4707.
May M, Kilchert S (2022). The effect of loading rate on the in-plane shear strength of tri-axial braided composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 56(3), 421–426.
More S, Kambekar A (2025). Performance evaluation of compressive strength of concrete using different machine learning algorithms. Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 16(2), 60-68.
Narwade R, Jadhav R (2025). Concrete strength monitoring and damage detection using piezoelectric-based wireless sensor. Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 16(1), 40-50.
Ramezani Dana H, El Mansori M, Contreras Echevarria A, Muñoz Basagoiti MX, Pisarski M, Cucuzzella F, Sansone C (2024). Determination of shear strength of additively manufactured poly lactic acid/flax fibre bio-composite via the iosipescu test. Composites Communications, 47, 101858.
Ramos A, Angel VG, Siqueiros M, Sahagun T, Gonzalez L, Ballesteros R (2025). Reviewing additive manufacturing techniques: Material trends and weight optimization possibilities through innovative printing patterns. Materials, 18(6), 1377.
Rottler J, Tetzlaff TK, Lion A, Paetzold-Byhain K, Johlitz M (2025a). Temperature history in laser powder bed fusion: Analyzing the effect of heat accumulation on the microstructural state of Ti-6Al-4V. In: Altenbach, H., Hitzler, L., Johlitz, M., Merkel, M., Öchsner, A. (eds) Lectures Notes on Advanced Structured Materials 3. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 226. Springer, Cham.
Rottler J, Tetzlaff TK, Wohninsland A, Lion A, Johlitz M (2025b). Thermophysical and microstructural characterization of Ti-6Al-4V in powder and laser powder bed fusion-processed state within the global temperature field range. Materials and Design, 253, 113823.
Spencer R, Hassen AA, Baba J, Lindahl J, Love L, Kunc V, Babu S, Vaidya U (2021). An innovative digital image correlation technique for in-situ process monitoring of composite structures in large scale additive manufacturing. Composite Structures, 276, 114545.
Stojcevski F, Hilditch T, Henderson LC (2018). A modern account of Iosipescu testing. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 107, 545–554.
Sun C, Wang Y, McMurtrey MD, Jerred ND, Liou F, Li J (2021). Additive manufacturing for energy: A review. Applied Energy, 282, 116041.
Tang L, Magdysyuk OV, Jiang F, Wang Y, Evans A, Kabra S, Cai B (2022). Mechanical performance and deformation mechanisms at cryogenic temperatures of 316L stainless steel processed by laser powder bed fusion: In situ neutron diffraction. Scripta Materialia, 218, 114806.
Wang Q, Jia J, Zhao Y, Wu A (2023). In situ measurement of full-field deformation for arc-based directed energy deposition via digital image correlation technology. Additive Manufacturing, 72, 103635.
Wang X, Sanchez-Mata O, Atabay SE, Muñiz-Lerma JA, Attarian Shandiz M, Brochu M (2021). Crystallographic orientation dependence of Charpy impact behaviours in stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 46, 102104.
